Перевести текст Philosophy and Common SensePhilosophy has always existed in a

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Philosophy and Common Sense
Philosophy has always existed in a kind of tension between common sense and the construction of theories about the nature of reality. Philosophy arises out of common sense, but philosophy of ten goes well beyond common sense in working out theories which seem to be implied or suggested by common sense. In the end, how ever, the ultimate court of appeal for the philosopher is again common sense and ordinary reasonableness. As one philosopher put it, it is like an airplane which takes off from the ground to fly high in the sky, but which must ultimately return again to earth.
Often the two forces which make up this tension the tendency to speculate widely and freely and the common sense to pull back to earth are fairly equally balanced, and philosophy is both constructive and critical. But when either gains the advantage for a time, philosophy becomes predominantly critical or constructive.
Some philosophers and some philosophies, we said were primarily critical, concerned with defining our terms, analyzing our assumptions, getting our arguments straight, and less concerned with developing theories or getting the right answers. Other philosophers and philosophies were primarily constructive in the sense that their main aim was to answer questions, to discover the truth, and to state and defend theories about these answers. What we are now saying is that in the twentieth century there was first a concentration almost exclusively on philosophy as critical, broken only in the past fifteen years or so by a gradual return to a more constructive philosophy of substantive issues and the attempt to provide answers to basic questions.
Broadly speaking, the history of the twentieth-century philosophy can be characterized as the swing of the pendulum away from self-confident theorizing on the most basic issues of life toward a more cautious and more limited conception of philosophy as clarifying common sense ideas which everyone already possesses. That movement was followed by the reverse swing of the pendulum away from self-doubt and back to normative issues and systematic theory building.