переведитетекст на российский языкThe word "corporation" derives fromthe Latin word for

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текст на российский язык


The word "corporation" derives from
the Latin word for a "body of people."

Entities which carried on business and were the
subjects of legal rights were found in

ancient Rome, and the Maurya Empire in ancient
India. In medieval Europe, churches

became incorporated, as did local governments,
such as the Pope and the City of

London Corporation. The point was that the
incorporation would survive longer than

the lives of any particular member, existing in
perpetuity. The oldest commercial

corporation in the world, the Stora Kopparberg
mining community in Falun, Sweden,

obtained a charter from King Magnus Eriksson in
1347. Many European nations

chartered corporations to lead colonial
ventures, such as the Dutch East India

Company or the Hudson's Bay Company, and these
corporations came to play a large

part in the history of corporate colonialism.

A corporation is a legal entity that is created
under the laws of a state designed

to establish the entity as a separate legal
entity having its own privileges and

liabilities distinct from those of its members.
There are many different forms of

corporations, most of which are used to conduct
business. Early corporations were

established by charter. Most jurisdictions now
allow the creation of new corporations

through registration. An important contemporary
feature of a corporation is limited

liability. If a corporation fails, shareholders
normally only stand to lose their

investment and employees will lose their jobs,
but neither will be further liable for

debts that remain owing to the corporation's
creditors.17

Despite not being natural persons, corporations
are recognized by the law to

have rights and responsibilities like natural
persons ("people"). Corporations can

exercise human rights against real individuals
and the state, and they can themselves

be responsible for human rights violations.
Corporations are conceptually immortal

but they can "die" when they are
"dissolved" either by statutory operation, order of

court, or voluntary action on the part of shareholders.
Insolvency may result in a form

of corporate 'death', when creditors force the
liquidation of the corporation under

court order, but it most often results in a
restructuring of corporate holdings.